Characterization and Biological Application Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Extracted from Telescopium telescopius (Linnaeus, 1758), the telescope snail - The Green Synthesis Revolution

Nanobiotechnology is a rapidly growing field with numerous applications in the medical field. The discipline combines biological research with various fields of nanotechnology. Nanodevices, nanoparticles, and nanoscale phenomena within nanotechnology are enhanced through nanobiology. Typically, nanoparticles are synthesized using either a top-down or bottom-up approach. However, these chemical methods can be dangerous as they involve handling toxic chemicals and producing toxic by-products. Therefore, researchers have conducted several studies to extract and synthesise nanoparticles from living sources, known as the "Green synthesis of Nanoparticles." Silver nanoparticles are particularly prioritised because they are harmless to the human body but detrimental to microbes even in minimal concentrations. Much effort has been devoted to extracting them from plant sources and microbes. Animal extracts are also potential reducing agents for extracting silver nanoparticles without the use of any toxic substances. It has been discovered that extracts from various animals used in nanoparticle manufacturing contain biomolecules that act as reducing and capping agents. In line with this perspective, the present study focuses on using the telescope snail, Telescopium telescopium (Linnaeus, 1758), as an animal source for producing silver nanoparticles. The extracted TtSN-particles ( Telescopium telescopium Silver Nanoparticles) were subjected to various characterisation methods, including Ultra Violet- Visible Spectroscopy (UV Spectroscopy), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and Dynamic Light Scattering Technique (DLS) analyses. The absorption of TtSN-particles was found at 360 nm. The sizes of the TtSN particles visualised in SEM were 98.44 nm, 81.88 nm, and 88.65 nm. The EDX pattern showed a predominance of silver in the colloidal solution of the synthesized TtSN-particles. In DLS, the intensity distribution was observed in diameters of 46.4 nm, 90.4 nm, and 182.8 nm, respectively. Additionally, the sharp peak of the XRD confirmed the crystallinity of the nanoparticles. Further bio-assays were conducted to study the anti-thrombolytic activity of the TtSN-particles. The results showed that the TtSN-particles significantly reduced the formation of blood clots in the veins compared to the control groups. These nanoparticles also exhibited antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive ( Streptococcus mutans ) and gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli ). They possessed high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, as confirmed by performing a DPPH assay and Heat hemolysis assay, respectively.