Impact of Dust Deposition on Solar Photovoltaic Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Performance Degradation, Regional Variations, and Mitigation Strategies

Solar energy is emerging as a cornerstone of the global renewable energy transition, with projections indicating that photovoltaics (PV) could contribute up to 90% of electricity generation by 2050. However, environmental factors, particularly dust deposition, pose a significant challenge to the long-term performance and efficiency of PV systems. Dust accumulation varies widely across different geographic regions, influenced by climate, land use, humidity, and pollution. Arid and semi-arid areas experience the highest deposition rates, while tropical and temperate regions are affected by seasonal rainfall and urban pollutants. This review comprehensively examines the impact off dust on PV performance, highlighting factors such as surface roughness of PV module, panel tilt angle, seasonal variations, wind dynamics, and dust composition. Furthermore, the review assesses various dust mitigation strategies, including manual and water-based cleaning, robotic systems, hydrophobic coatings, and electrostatic methods. By synthesizing global studies and presenting a holistic view of dust effects, this paper provides critical insights for optimizing PV design, maintenance, and operational strategies to ensure sustained energy yield and reliability in solar energy systems worldwide.