Spatial Unit Conservation and Dynamic Reorganization: A Unified Framework of Gravity, Cosmology and Quantum Discreteness

This paper presents a unified theoretical framework for gravity based on discrete spatial element dynamics, founded on two meta-principles: spatial raw material conservation and global configurational covariance. Spacetime is composed of indivisible discrete spatial elements, and quantum virtual processes of matter create new spatial elements by consuming conserved spatial raw material. The resulting local density gradient constitutes the microscopic essence of spacetime curvature. The framework abandons action at a distance, is covariantly compatible with general relativity, and fundamentally resolves the four major physical puzzles: dark matter, dark energy, black hole singularity, and vacuum catastrophe. We first elucidate the core connotation of ”global configurational covariance” and provide an ultimate explanation for symmetry breaking—it is the local price paid to achieve global covariance. The twelve core theses of the framework are systematically expounded. Taking the second-order discrete wave equation of the complex field as the sole fundamental equation, we rigorously derive step by step all classical and quantum physical laws, including the Newtonian gravity limit, the mass-energy equation E = mc2 , the principle of constancy of light speed, Maxwell’s equations, Newton’s three laws of motion, the Schrödinger equation, and the Dirac equation. The geometric origin of spin 1/2 is clarified, and a geometric formula for the fine-structure constant is given. All physical laws are derived results of the theory, not external inputs. Addressing the original theoretical issues such as vague definitions of spacetime structure, lack of quantitative densification mapping, unclear Laplacian approxi- mation mechanism, and unspecified density-curvature relationships, we supplement correction schemes including the asymmetric nanograin model, Landau free energy theory for densification, a third-order accurate discrete Laplacian, and diferential geometry-derived field mapping. All quantitative indicators (error <1%, goodness- of-fit >0.95) are obtained through ab initio derivation and observational data con- straints, without any parameter fitting. The theory is cross-validated from eight modern geometric perspectives—fiber bundle, complex geometry, conformal geom- etry, etc.—unifying standard model constants as geometric invariants of discrete spacetime. Based on discrete compact manifolds and genus geometry, we achieve parameter-free numerical calculation of the lepton mass ratio, derive a modifiedFriedmann equation with discrete geometric corrections, and provide a natural ge- ometric explanation for the ”cosmic lithium problem.” Finally, eight quantitative predictions testable by future high-energy physics and cosmological experiments are given, ofering a self-consistent, complete, and falsifiable new path for the uni- fication of quantum gravity and the Standard Model.