Relationships Between PM2.5 and Maternal Anemia in Sub-Saharan African Women of Reproductive Age

Preliminary evidence suggests air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), poses a significant threat to maternal health and women of reproductive age. While emerging evidence suggests a link between air pollution and maternal anemia, the specific effect of PM2.5 exposure on hemoglobin levels among reproductive-aged women (15-49 years) remains insufficiently studied. Maternal hemoglobin decline is a known risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes with potentially long-term consequences. Understanding the impact of PM2.5 exposure is crucial in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa, where both anemia rates and air pollution levels are significantly elevated. This population-based study investigates the association between ambient PM2.5 concentrations and maternal hemoglobin levels across 43 Sub-Saharan African countries from 2000-2019. Using generalized linear regression models adjusted statistically significant negative association between PM2.5 exposure and hemoglobin levels were observed in Central Africa, while no significant associations were found in Eastern, Western, or Southern Africa. These results suggest that PM2.5 may be an environmental determinant of maternal anemia, with effects that vary by geography. Further research is needed in understudied regions to validate and expand on these findings.