Valorization of Diverse Tropical Fruit Residues for Bioethanol Production: A Review of <i>S. cerevisiae</i> Strains and Simulation Models

Tropical fruit waste composed of peels, pulp, and discards, presents a growing disposal challenge in high and rising fruit production regions. This review explores transforming this waste into bioethanol which can also be defined as a clean-burning biofuel. It examines pre-treatment techniques like enzymatic and acidic hydrolysis that explains how complex carbohydrates is broken down into fermentable sugar efficiently. These techniques are very much required for a complete and efficient production of bioethanol. Additionally, the study focuses on optimizing fermentation conditions, including temperature, yeast strain selection, and nutrient supplementation, to maximize bioethanol yield. The impact of fruit ripeness on bioethanol yield is discussed, noting how sugar content changes during ripening affecting the ethanol output. Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a robust fermenting agent, is highlighted for its potential in bioethanol production. The feasibility of bioethanol production from various fruit substrates using a simulation model is highlighted. The model incorporates key factors such as substrate concentration of glucose, yeast cell density where various parameters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is considered, and ethanol production. While the simulation results exhibit similar trends for different fruits, factors like model simplifications and parameter sensitivity can influence the outcomes. By integrating findings from various studies and other sources, this review aims to develop a cost-effective and sustainable bioethanol production process using tropical fruit waste.