Developing a Sustainable Process for Bioethanol Production from Vegetable Residues, Lignocellulosic Biomass, and Marine Algae Integrated with <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> Bioagent

Bioethanol continues to gain popularity as a viable alternative to fossil fuels considering that it is a renewable fuel obtained from biomass. This study explores the optimization of bioethanol production from three potentially useful feedstocks that is marine algae, vegetable waste and lignin-based cellulosic biomass which includes sugarcane, switchgrass, Wood Chips and Corn Stover. Vegetable waste is widely available, but to reduce contamination and maintain sustainability, it must be collected and handled carefully. Although lignocellulosic biomass is a specific energy crop choice, pre-treatment is required to transform its complex structures efficiently. While marine algae grow quickly and do not compete with land resources, large-scale cultivation and harvesting systems still require improvement. Each feedstock's advantages and disadvantages are examined, taking into account issues with conversion, sustainability, and availability. Kinetic modeling will be employed to analyze reaction rates, identify key parameters, optimize process conditions, and guide the development of cost-effective, sustainable bioethanol production. Individual MATLAB simulation models of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were developed for potato peels, sugarcane bagasse, and brown marine algae, revealing their unique bioresource potential. Simulation model analysis for potato peels concentrated mainly on fermentation based on the Monod equation and Michaelis-Menten kinetic models of starch hydrolysis having carbohydrate content of 21.05g by difference. While for marine algae, Saccharina latissima was considered which had an Alginate content of around 34.5% dry weight and it addressed how the polysaccharide is extracted and transformed from it. Sugarcane bagasse models included its complex lignocellulosic structure and pre-treatment simulations containing carbohydrate content of 10.9g.