Occupational Health Risks and Safety Gaps: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Brick Kiln Workers in Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Background: Brick kiln workers in Pakistan face hazardous occupational conditions, yet limited evidence exists from Southern Punjab. This study aimed to assess occupational health risks and workplace safety gaps among kiln workers in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April-June 2023 among 70 workers selected at seven brick kilns in Bahawalpur. Both the kilns and the participating workers were selected through random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and direct observation covering demographics, workplace facilities, and health outcomes. Descriptive statistics summarized the prevalence of hazards, and Pearson correlation tested associations between work patterns (daily hours, years of experience) and self-reported health problems. Results: High rates of respiratory complaints (72.8% cough, 61.4% throat irritation), musculoskeletal pain (82.8%), and heat-related symptoms (97.1% weakness, 65.7% dizziness) were reported. None of the kilns provided personal protective equipment or first aid, and sanitation facilities were absent in most sites. Longer working hours were significantly associated with more heat-stroke symptoms (r = 0.25, p = 0.037), and greater years of employment were linked with poorer respiratory status (r = 0.14, p = 0.026). Conclusions: Brick kiln workers in Bahawalpur experience severe occupational health risks compounded by critical safety gaps. The findings highlight urgent needs for policy interventions, including mandatory provision of PPE, sanitation, shaded rest breaks, and regular health assessments. Strengthening labor law enforcement and adapting international occupational safety standards to Pakistan’s informal sector could mitigate health vulnerabilities and promote safer, more dignified working conditions.