Occupational Exposure and Health Risks Among Traditional Copper Bell Makers in India: A Comprehensive Assessment with Policy and Preventive Implications

Background This study aimed to assess occupational exposures and health outcomes among traditional copper bell makers in Bhuj, Gujarat, and to develop craft-specific interventions with policy relevance for informal artisan sectors. Methods A cross-sectional design was used to evaluate 89 copper bell makers through environmental monitoring and clinical assessments. Workplace exposures included personal and area noise levels, respirable dust, PM2.5, and thermal stress using Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) indices. Health evaluations incorporated spirometry, audiometry, anthropometry, and structured symptom questionnaires. Results Average 8-hour noise levels were within OSHA and ACGIH limits, but peak noise during hammering exceeded 140 dB(Z). High-frequency noise surpassed noise criterion thresholds and corresponded with a high prevalence (80.7%) of noise-induced hearing loss. Respirable dust concentrations (mean 4.93 ± 1.36 mg/m³) exceeded ACGIH limits, with 16.4% of workers showing abnormal lung function. WBGT values near coal-fired furnaces consistently surpassed NIOSH thresholds, indicating considerable risk of heat strain. Musculoskeletal symptoms were reported by 70% of participants. Conclusion The study highlights multi-dimensional occupational risks in this informal sector. Craft-specific Standard Operating Procedures and Periodic Medical Examination tools were developed and acknowledged by the Handicrafts Service Centre, offering a model for integrating occupational health into primary care and extending policy support to other artisan sectors.