Exploring the Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Potential of Graphene Nanoparticles Synthesized from Candlenut Shell Waste

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Abstract

The rising threat of antibiotic-resistant pathogens necessitates the development of novel antimicrobial agents, and graphene nanoparticles (GNPs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their unique physicochemical properties. This study explores the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of GNPs synthesized from candlenut shell waste (GNPsCSW) against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis, addressing the unexplored potential of agro-waste-derived GNPs in combating bacterial infections. The GNPsCSW exhibited potent antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 12.5 µg/mL and 6.25 µg/mL against S. aureus and S. enteritidis, respectively, and MBC values of 25 µg/mL and 12.5 µg/mL, demonstrating superior bactericidal effects, particularly against S. enteritidis. Cell leakage assays revealed significant release of cellular materials (absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm), confirming membrane disruption, while time-kill kinetics showed complete elimination of S. aureus within 12 hours at 25 µg/mL and rapid eradication of S. enteritidis within 8 hours at all tested concentrations. Biofilm assays demonstrated substantial inhibition of both biomass and viability biofilms, while FTIR spectroscopy revealed alterations in biofilm matrix composition, suggesting interference with extracellular polymeric substances. These results emphasize that GNPsCSW has both antibacterial and antibiofilm effects, offering a sustainable way to tackle resistant bacteria with consequences for both biomedical and environmental uses.

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