MicroRNAs and Epigenetic Influences in Steatotic Liver Disease: Insights from Historical Nutritional Imbalances

Background and Objectives: Steatotic liver disease (SLD), formerly non-alcoholic liver disease, affects 25% of the global population, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. This study aims to explore the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) and epigenetic factors in SLD, focusing on their potential as biomarkers for diagnosing and understanding disease mechanisms, particularly in populations exposed to historical nutritional imbalances. Materials and Methods: We conducted a case-control study involving 48 patients diagnosed with liver steatosis, recruited from the Fundeni Clinical Institute. Plasma levels of miR-122, miR-192, miR-33a, and miR-33b were quantified using qRT-PCR. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and t-tests to assess relationships between miRNA levels, age, and classical biomarkers. Results: All patients met at least one criterion for metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), with significant findings in miRNA expression. miR-122 levels were significantly lower, and miR-192 levels were significantly higher in high-risk groups compared to controls. Additionally, miR-33a levels were notably lower in the oldest age group. Correlations between miRNAs and classical biomarkers like Fib-4 were strong to moderate. Conclusions: The study confirms the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers for SLD, with miR-122, miR-192, and miR-33a showing significant associations with disease severity and patient age. These findings support the hypothesis that epigenetic mechanisms influenced by historical nutritional factors play a crucial role in SLD development. Future research should expand patient cohorts and explore therapeutic interventions targeting miRNA modulation.