Mechanisms Underlying Muscle-Related Diseases and Aging: Insights into Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies

Skeletal muscle aging and related diseases are characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass, strength, and metabolic function. Central to these processes is mitochondrial dysfunction, which impairs energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, and proteostasis. In addition, non-mitochondrial factors such as muscle stem cell exhaustion, neuromuscular junction remodeling, and chronic inflammation also contribute significantly to muscle degeneration. This review integrates recent advances in understanding mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial mechanisms underlying muscle aging and disease. Additionally, we discuss emerging therapeutic approaches targeting these pathways to preserve muscle health and promote healthy aging.