Exploring the Geometry of a Closed Universe: Light Propagation in the Fourth Dimension

To investigate the closedness of the universe, we introduce a novel theoretical model to explore its geometry, treating it as the crust of a four-dimensional sphere. Building upon the FLRW model and considering alternative cosmological scenarios, the study examines the motion of light in the fourth dimension to infer the universe's curvature. The approach involves mathematical modeling of spiral light trajectories, a theoretical framework for the nature of time across quantum and cosmic scales, and the determination of the universe's four-dimensional radius using Hubble's law. The model predicts the existence of mirror points and provides calculations of their positions relative to Earth under various parameters. The observational predictions calculated in this paper are measurable and verifiable.