Pandemic Preparedness: COVID-19, Mpox, Nipah Virus and Smallpox, A Study of Transmission, Mortality, and Vaccination Strategies
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Emerging zoonotic diseases, such as Nipah virus and Mpox, alongside the potential re-emergence of Smallpox, pose significant global health threats, underscored by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to compare transmission (R0), mortality, and vaccination strategies for these pathogens to inform pandemic preparedness, with a focus on smallpox vaccine complications in vulnerable populations (pediatric, pregnant, breastfeeding, immunocompromised). Using a scoping review, we analyzed data from PubMed, WHO, and CDC sources, comparing R0, mortality rates, and vaccine efficacy via ANOVA (p < 0.05). We also evaluated COVID-19 vaccine safety and transmission mode differences. COVID-19 exhibited the highest R0 (mean: 6.0), Nipah the highest mortality (40–75%), and smallpox vaccines showed varied complication profiles, with JYNNEOS safer than ACAM2000. Findings emphasize tailored vaccination strategies, enhanced surveillance, and equitable vaccine distribution to mitigate future outbreaks, addressing healthcare disparities.