3D Modeling of Rock-Cut Monuments with Astronomical Elements Using Aerial Photogrammetry

This report presents the advantages of using drone-photographic scanning technology as a method for creating 3D documentation and 3D databases of rock-cut monuments with astronomical elements. Through this modern technology, together with specialized equipment and software, we have the advantage of obtaining a digital 3D model of the terrain and the existing archeological sites there. A procedure for digitizing the physical space of rock-cut monuments using integrated technology, in accordance with the standard for such sites, is shown. The data is stored in distributed databases. The digital space provides an opportunity to connect the monument with the celestial sphere, the main movements of the luminaries (Sun, Moon, and bright planets), and specialized astronomical software. Using the 3D modeling method, two Bulgarian rock-cut monuments were studied: the Belintash rock sanctuary near the village of Mostovo in the municipality of Asenovgrad and the cromlech near the village of Dolni Glavanak in the municipality of Madzharovo. It can be seen that the modeling of real archaeoastronomical concepts and the connections between the morphological elements of the monuments and the notable objects in the sky have been proven with a high degree of reliability. For example, rock outcrops and pillars are associated with sunrises and sunsets during the solstices and equinoxes.