Green Gold Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, In Vivo Toxicity Assessment, and Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potentials
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Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were biosynthesized using Eruca sativa plant leaves aqueous extract. The AuNPs particle size were 70 nm. The biocompatibility of AuNPs were investigated, including hemolytic activity, hepatic, and renal functions in rat. AuNPs were biologically evaluated as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. The hemolytic assay on red blood cells revealed negligible hemolytic activity (<1%). Moreover, the hepatic enzymes levels, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were studied. ALT, AST, and ALP showed no significant activity compared to the negative control. At higher concentration (52.8 µg/mL) the LDH level was elevated, while the lower concentration (26.4 µg/mL) found safer to be employed. Additionally, the urea and creatinine levels were examined as biomarker for renal functions. These assays revealed no significant effect of the both tested concentrations (26.4 and 52.8 µg/mL) of AuNPs. The antimicrobial activity of AuNPs, plant extract, and gold salt were investigated against five different microorganism, two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae), two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and a fungal strain (Candida albicans). The AuNPs showed minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) as low as 13.2 µg/mL on S. aureus and S. pneumoniae, 26.4 µg/mL on E. coli and C. albicans, and 39.6 µg/mL on P. aeruginosa. This indicate some selectivity towards the Gram-positive bacteria. The antioxidant profile revealed strong antioxidant activity of AuNPs compared to vitamin C. In summary, AuNPs demonstrate biocompatibility and selective antimicrobial with remarkable antioxidant activities, supporting their potential application in combating the antimicrobial resistant (AMR).