Diagnosis and Emerging Biomarkers of Cystic Fibrosis-Related Kidney Disease (CFKD)

As people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF) live longer, kidney disease is emerging as a sig-nificant comorbidity that increasingly is linked to cardiovascular complications and progression to end-stage kidney disease. In our recent review, we proposed the unifying term CF-related kidney disease (CFKD) to encompass the spectrum of kidney dysfunction observed in this population. Early detection of kidney injury is critical for improving long-term outcomes yet remains challenging due to the limited sensitivity of conventional laboratory tests, particularly in individuals with altered muscle mass and unique CF pathophysiology. Emerging approaches, including novel blood and urinary biomarkers, urinary ex-tra-cellular vesicles, and genetic risk profiling, offer promising avenues for identifying subclinical kidney damage. When integrated with machine learning algorithms, these tools may enable the development of personalized risk stratification models and targeted therapeutic strategies. This precision medicine approach has the potential to transform kidney disease man-agement in PwCF, shifting care from reactive treatment of late-stage disease to proactive monitoring and early intervention.