A Comprehensive Review of Satellite Orbital Placement and Coverage Optimization for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks: Challenges and Solutions

Nowadays Internet connectivity suffers from instability and slowness due to optical fiber cable attacking across the sea and oceans. The optimal solution of this problem is using the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite network which can resolve the problem of Internet connectivity and reachability, and it has the power to bring real-time, reliable, low latency, high bandwidth, cost-effective Internet access to many urban and rural areas in any region of the earth. However, satellite orbital placement and navigation should be carefully designed to reduce the signal impairments. The challenges of orbital satellite placement for LEO are constellation development, satellite parameters optimalisation, bandwidth optimization, consideration signal impairments, and coverage are dimeters. This paper presents a comprehensive review of satellite orbital placement, coverage optimization, prevalent issues affecting LEO Internet connectivity, evaluates existing solutions and suggests novel solutions to address these challenges. Furthermore, it recommends machine learning solution based for coverage optimization and satellite orbital placement that can be used to efficiently enhance the internet reliability and reachability for LEO satellite networks. This survey will open up the gate for developing an optimal solution for global Internet connectivity and reachability.