A Comprehensive Review of Aerial Robots for Search and Rescue Operations

Search and Rescue (SAR) operations are critical for disaster management and public safety, yet traditional methods often face significant challenges in terms of time, resource allocation, and accessibility, especially in complex or hazardous environments. The integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, into SAR operations has revolutionized the field by offering rapid deployment, enhanced situational awareness, and the ability to access remote or dangerous areas. This comprehensive review explores the transformative role of UAVs in SAR, focusing on their classification, hardware and software components, and diverse applications across various environments, including forests, mountains, urban settings, and maritime operations. The review highlights the advantages of UAVs, such as their ability to conduct aerial reconnaissance, detect victims using thermal and visual sensors, and deliver emergency supplies. It also addresses the challenges associated with UAV integration, including limited battery life, regulatory constraints, and ethical considerations. Furthermore, the review discusses future directions in UAV technology, such as advancements in artificial intelligence, swarm robotics, and improved energy efficiency, which promise to further enhance the capabilities of UAVs in SAR. By synthesizing the latest research and trends, this article provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners, emphasizing the potential of UAVs to significantly improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and safety of SAR operations in diverse and challenging scenarios.