A Comprehensive Review of VTOL UAVs: Design, Technologies, and Applications

This review article examines the landscape of Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), highlighting their transformative potential and the sub- stantial challenges in their development. VTOL technology combines the hovering capabilities of multirotor systems with the speed and range of fixed-wing aircraft, positioning them as versatile tools for diverse applications including urban air mobility, remote area operations, and various other missions. The review identifies key challenges that include the complex design and control of hybrid propulsion systems, the need for efficient electric propulsion and high- density batteries, and integration into air traffic management (ATM) systems. It also addresses the necessity for urban infrastructure, advanced autonomous systems using multiple sensors and AI, and the development of a clear regulatory framework. The article underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving researchers, engineers, policymakers and industry stakeholders to overcome these challenges and foster the successful integration of VTOL UAVs. The conclusion emphasizes that while VTOL UAV technology offers significant potential, its realization hinges on addressing these challenges through collaborative research, robust regulations, and technological innovation.