FET Biosensors : Breast Cancer Detection

As a consequence of high sensitivity, rapid response, and potential miniaturization, FET-based biosensors have become the leading class of label-free, real-time diagnostic devices due to their favorable characteristics. In the past few years, their use for the purpose of breast cancer detection has come into focus due to the increasing demand for an early, accurate, and non invasive device for diagnostics. This paper offers a thorough examination of advanced FET biosensor structures on Junctionless, Gate All Around (GAA), Dual Material Gate (DMG), and finFET structures, and discusses the integration of these for biosensing. This paper presents the role of nanomaterial-enabled enhancements of FET sensitivity and selectivity for breast cancer biomarkers, including carbon-based materials, metal oxide semiconductors, and III–V compounds such as GaN and InGaAs. It reviews dielectric modulated TFETs, heterojunction and nanomaterial-based FETs, GaN/CNT-based devices, and unconventional hybrid biosensors to specific breast cancer markers including ERα, BRCA1, c-erbB-2, MUC1, and CA125. Through the review, we will discusses the rapidly progressing technological advances in FET bio sensor manufacture and function. We also present a couple of concepts in biosensing that are novel, including polarity-controlled tunneling, ferroelectric switching for logical inference, microfluidic integration, and aptamer-based detection techniques. Lastly, we discuss the main challenges of device reproducibility, biocompatibility, and large-scale integration with future directions for making next-generation FET biosensors for multi-marker breast cancer.