Emerging Materials and Techniques in FET-Based Urinary Biomarker Sensing

The review is about FET biosensors fabricated on urinary biomarker detection. Firstly, it covers some key domains of FET innovation in dielectric modulation and nanocavity fabrication, advanced lithography and precise doping techniques, multi-material integration and reconfigurable structures, tunneling techniques and Schottky barrier engineering, and roughness induced scale limit and precision fabrication for interface quality and material engineering. In this regard, various FET sensor typologies are discussed pertaining to their material platforms such as carbon based nanomaterials, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), metal oxides and dielectrics, advanced dielectrics and ferroelectric materials, indium materials, silicon based and related nanomaterials. These materials and fabrication approaches are also important for development of FET biosensors based on urinary biomarkers such as uric acid sensors, small molecule and Nucleic acid and protein biomarkers. FET biosensors, integrated into a paper, are introduced as novel materials and device structures together with a context for ongoing research and development on improving sensitivity, specificity, and integration of FET biosensors for practical diagnostic applications.