Unveiling the Secrets of Sea Buckthorn: A Comprehensive Review of Its Bioactive Compounds and Potential Therapeutic Applications

Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn) is a widely used medicinal plant that has many therapeutic applications. This member of the Elaeagnaceae family is rich in bioactive substances, including polyphenols, carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, vitamins, tocopherols, phytosterols, and organic acids. These substances have a number of health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, antibacterial, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. They are used to treat skin problems, as well. Recent research has provided scientific evidence for its pharmacological activity through in vitro, in vivo, and clinical testing. Traditional medicine has used Sea Buckthorn extensively to treat several diseases. It has also been incorporated in functional meals and used as a dietary supplement. Nonetheless, additional studies are needed to clarify its potential mechanisms of action and to create standardized formulations for application in therapies. This review is designed to provide the phytochemical composition along with bioactive compounds, pharmacological activities, and possible therapeutic potential of Sea Buckthorn.