Advaces in Hydrogen Energy Storage Technologies: Materials, Mechanisms, and Future Prospects

Hydrogen is an environmentally friendly fuel with a high energy density and is a critical component of sustainable energy systems; however, storing hydrogen as an energy carrier is one of the most significant technological challenges. This review has reviewed hydrogen storage technologies, emphasizing physical storage methods, chemical hydrides, and emerging nanomaterials. This review gave special attention to the metals hydride, specifically magnesium hydride (MgH₂), lithium hydride (LiH), sodium alanate, and ammonia borane, while discussing the limitations of their thermodynamics and kinetics in addition to recent advances in the performance of these metal hydrides for hydrogen fuel. These advances in hydrogen storage using metal hydrides will employ advanced porous materials such as metalorganic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and carbon nanostructures, showing promising adsorbability. One section of the review also assesses the role of computational screening and machine learning to expedite the discovery of new materials for hydrogen storage. The review synthesizes the most effective ways to design genomic hydrogen storage devices that improve safety, efficiency, and scaling.