Hydrogen Storage Technologies and Future Directions

Hydrogen has emerged as a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to its high energy content per mass and the environmental advantages of its only byproduct, water. However, one of the significant barriers to widespread hydrogen adoption is the development of efficient, safe, and cost-effective hydrogen storage technologies. This review explores the current state of hydrogen storage methods, including physical storage (gas, liquid, and metal hydride), chemical storage (organic liquid carriers and chemical hydrides), and novel emerging technologies. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and prospects for each storage technique, highlighting the research developments aimed at improving storage efficiency, energy density, safety, and cost-effectiveness. The future of hydrogen storage lies in overcoming these hurdles, which is crucial for the realization of hydrogen as a cornerstone of the global clean energy transition.