The Future of Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment: Combination Therapy (Polypill) or Biomarker-Guided Personalized Intervention?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health burden that affects close to one billion individuals. As many healthcare systems struggle to accommodate existing patients, CKD incidence and related costs are projected to continue rising. Based on a systematic search, this narrative review offers an in-depth assessment of advances in CKD phar-macotherapy published between 2020 and 2025, with a specific emphasis on drug combinations. Various treatment approaches for CKD exist, many of them targeting different mechanisms. Therefore, combining multiple medications could provide pa-tients with better outcomes, though this comes with the risk of increased adverse effects and unnecessary costs. Alternatively, using biomarkers presents an opportunity to as-certain the most appropriate treatments specifically tailored to an individual's molec-ular profile, thus personalizing CKD management. The second part of this review presents the current state-of-the-art methods to guide CKD therapy based on markers predicting treatment response. Collectively, this review presents possible pathways toward more effective CKD treatment.