Managing Hypertension in Chronic Renal Failure: Myths, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Realities

Hypertension is highly prevalent among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing significantly to cardiovascular morbidity and progressive renal decline. This overview explores the intricate pathophysiologic mechanisms driving hyperten-sion in renal insufficiency, including volume overload, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation, sympathetic overactivity, and vascular dysfunction. Diag-nostic challenges such as white-coat hypertension and the underuse of ambulatory monitoring are discussed, along with the importance of volume assessment and target organ evaluation. We also emphasize individualized management strategies combin-ing lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy—including RAAS inhibitors, diuretics, and novel agents—and the growing role of device-based interventions. In particular, renal denervation (RDN) has recently emerged as a novel and promising adjunct for resistant hypertension in CKD, with evidence supporting its efficacy and safety even in dialysis-dependent patients. Special considerations for transplant recipients, elderly individuals, and those on dialysis are highlighted, underscoring the need for nuanced, patient-centered care. Misconceptions surrounding RAAS blockade, dialysis hypoten-sion, and therapeutic inertia are critically appraised. Finally, future directions point to biomarker-driven approaches, digital health integration, and large-scale trials on RDN to refine treatment paradigms. This comprehensive synthesis offers a pragmatic framework for clinicians managing hypertension in CKD, aligning mechanistic in-sights with emerging evidence and clinical realities.