Human-Elephant Conflict in Thailand Over the Past Decade (2014-2023): Occurrence, Geographical distribution, and Temporal Trends

The Asian elephant, an endangered species and Thailand’s national symbol, faces increasing threats from human-wild elephant conflict (HEC). Over the past decade, HEC has become a major conservation and socio-economic issue, requiring urgent study. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of HEC and its associated factor. This research analyzed 341 HEC incidents reported across 34 of Thailand’s 77 provinces from 2014 to 2023, using data from government and private reports. HEC led to human and elephant casualties and property damage, with occurrences peaking in 2008 and 2023. The highest HEC rates were recorded in the eastern region, especially from July to February, likely due to peak crop production, reduced forest area, and a larger elephant population. Most incidents occurred in agricultural zones where elephants foraged for food. HEC frequency was significantly associated with region, period, crop production, forest cover, and elephant numbers. In conclusion, regions with abundant crops, limited forests, and high elephant populations are most at risk, especially during the cultivation period. Addressing these factors is essential for effective elephant conservation and conflict mitigation.