AGRARIAN: A Hybrid AI-Driven Architecture for Smart Agriculture

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), edge computing, and satellite-based connectivity is revolutionizing modern agriculture by enabling real-time monitoring, data-driven decision-making, and optimized resource management. The AGRARIAN architecture presents a hybrid AI-driven framework designed to enhance precision farming, livestock management, and sustainable agriculture. The system integrates multispectral sensors, UAVs, remote sensing satellites, and ground-based IoT devices, leveraging 5G and satellite networks for seamless connectivity. Data collected from these sources is processed through edge AI and cloud-based analytics, feeding into an Advanced Decision Support System (ADSS) that provides real-time insights for farmers, policymakers, and researchers. This paper presents the AGRARIAN system architecture, detailing its sensor, network, data processing, and application layers, alongside its horizontal and vertical integration approaches. Comparative analysis with existing digital agriculture frameworks highlights AGRARIAN’s scalability, resilience, and efficiency in supporting smart farming practices. The findings suggest that hybrid AI-driven agricultural systems have the potential to improve crop yield predictions, irrigation efficiency, and disease prevention, offering sustainable and scalable solutions for modern agriculture.