Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) and Terrestrial Spatial Planning (TSP). The Path Towards an Integration of Both Plans

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) and Terrestrial Spatial Planning (TSP) have traditionally operated as separate systems, resulting in fragmented governance of coastal territories. This article introduces Integrated Spatial Planning (ISP), a methodology that unifies MSP and TSP through a multi‑level zoning framework spanning municipal, regional, national, and international scales. ISP embeds climate change adaptation into planning instruments, ensuring resilience and sustainability in land–sea interactions. The approach is applied to the Region of Murcia (Spain), where numerous instru-ments—urban development plans, the Regional Land and Urban Planning Law, the Territorial Strategy, the Mar Menor Integrated Management Plan, the Regional Climate Change Strategy, the Segura River Basin Hydrological Plan, and Coastal Adaptation Guidelines —exist but remain fragmented. The case study highlights gaps in runoff management, infrastructure coherence, renewable energy planning, and climate adap-tation. ISP addresses these by creating integrated governance mechanisms, enhancing ecosystem protection, socio‑economic development, and adaptive coastal management.