The Use of Neuroplasticity in the Treatment of Altered Sensory Processing in ASD: A Narrative Review

Sensory dysregulation represents a core challenge in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), affecting perception, behavior, and adaptive functioning. The brain's ability to reorganize, known as neuroplasticity, serves as the basic principle for therapeutic interventions targeting these deficits. Neuroanatomical mechanisms include altered connectivity in the sensory and visual cortices, limbic system and amygdala, while imbalances of neurotransmitters, in particular glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), contribute to atypical sensory processing. Traditional therapies used in sensory integration are based on the principles of neuroplasticity. Increasingly, new treatments use this knowledge, and modern therapies such as neurofeedback, transcranial stimulation, and immersive virtual environments are promising in modulating neuronal circuits. However, further research is needed to optimize interventions and confirm long-term effectiveness. This narrative review discusses the role of neuroplasticity in the etiopathogenesis of sensory integration deficits in autism spectrum disorder. The neuroanatomical and neurotransmitter basis of impaired perception of sensory stimuli is considered, and traditional and recent therapies for sensory integration are discussed.