Technology-Led Greenhouse Gas Emissions (THGE) in Nigeria: A Narrative Review of Environmental Impacts and Digital Sustainability Strategies

The rapid expansion of Nigeria’s digital economy, driven by advancements in information and communication technology (ICT), artificial intelligence-driven technologies, and industrial automation, is contributing to economic growth but also increasing technology-led greenhouse gas emissions (THGE). Globally, the hi environmental impact of digital infrastructure is gaining attention, yet limited research exists on its implications for developing economies like Nigeria. This study adopts a narrative review approach to assess the scale of THGE, identifying key emission sources. The analysis synthesizes peer-reviewed literature, national policies, and global best practices to highlight Nigeria’s reliance on fossil fuels, inadequate regulatory frameworks, and the limited integration of renewable energy in ICT operations. Comparative insights from South Africa, Brazil, and India reveal gaps in Nigeria’s sustainability strategies and policy enforcement. Findings indicate that weak emission reporting systems, inefficient e-waste management, and a lack of green technology incentives exacerbate environmental risks. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions, such as carbon taxation, enhanced regulatory enforcement, and incentives for renewable energy adoption in the ICT sector. Strengthening public-private partnerships and integrating sustainability into digital policies will be critical for aligning Nigeria’s technology-driven growth with global climate goals. Future research should focus on sectoral emission tracking, green ICT policies, and sustainable digital economy models.