Optimizing Silage Efficiency: The Role of Ryegrass Varieties, Harvest Time, and Additives in Enhancing Perennial Ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i>) Fermentation

The increasing demand for bio-based chemicals and sustainable materials has placed biomass-derived lactic acid in the spotlight as a key building block for biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA). Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a promising feedstock due to its high dry matter (DM) yield, adaptability, and widespread agricultural use. This study investigates an integrated lactic acid&ndash;silage cascade process, focusing on how pH regulation, harvest timing, and biomass characteristics influence lactic acid production while maintaining agronomic efficiency. The results highlighted the crucial role of pH management and silage duration in optimizing lactic acid production. A silage period of 21 days was found to be optimal, as peak lactic acid yields were consistently observed at this stage. Maintaining a pH range of 4.5 to 6 proved essential for stabilizing fermentation, with citrate buffering at pH 6 leading to the highest lactic acid yields and minimizing undesirable by-products. Harvest timing also significantly affected lactic acid yield per hectare. While later harvesting increased total DM yield, it led to a decline in lactic acid concentration per kg DM. Tetraploid ryegrass (Explosion) maintained stable lactic acid yields due to higher biomass accumulation, whereas diploid varieties (Honroso) experienced a net reduction. From an agronomic perspective, optimizing harvest timing and variety selection is key to balancing biomass yield and fermentation efficiency. While tetraploid varieties offer greater flexibility, diploid varieties require precise harvest timing to avoid losses. These findings contribute to sustainable forage management, improving lactic acid production, silage efficiency, and agricultural resource use.