Revolutionizing Head and Neck Reconstruction: The Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality in Surgical Practice

Background: Head and neck reconstructive surgery is evolving with the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR). We aimed to review how these technologies are transforming surgical practice and personalized patient care in head and neck reconstruction. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on AI applications (machine learning for diagnostics, 3D modeling, robotic assistance) and VR applications (surgical training simulations, preoperative planning, and intraoperative visualization). Key outcomes of interest were improvements in diagnostic accuracy, surgical efficiency, surgeon learning curves, patient-specific reconstruction planning, and postoperative monitoring. Results: The integration of AI and VR demonstrated enhanced diagnostic capabilities, more efficient and precise surgeries, accelerated surgical training and skill acquisition, highly individualized reconstructive planning, and improved postoperative monitoring and outcomes. AI algorithms increased the accuracy of tumor detection and treatment planning, while VR-based planning and augmented reality guidance improved surgical margins and reduced operative time. VR training platforms shortened the learning curve for surgeons by providing risk-free, immersive simulation, and AI-driven analytics enabled real-time monitoring of reconstructive flaps and early complication detection. Conclusions: AI and VR are revolutionizing head and neck reconstruction by personalizing surgical planning and training, improving intraoperative precision, and enhancing postoperative care. Embracing these technologies in clinical practice can lead to better functional and aesthetic outcomes. Ongoing research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and training are recommended to overcome current limitations and ensure safe, effective adoption of AI and VR in head and neck reconstructive surgery.