Soil Indicators of Terroir and Its Importance for Adaptive and Sustainable Viticulture

The comparison of equally important prerequisites of viticulture development (climatope and edaphotope) for its two historical regions has shown that both in the antique era and nowadays less favorable conditions of temperate climate (riskier in terms of frost danger) and poorer biogeochemical properties of soils and rocks in the steppe region compared to the conditions of the sub-Mediterranean region had a decisive influence on the volume and quality of wine products. This is supported by historical sources on local consumption of produced wine and imports of higher quality wine from Sub-Mediterranean vineyards (Tauric Chersonesos). Both regions of the Western Crimea are characterized by active bioaccumulation of iron, copper and manganese in the humus horizon of soils, which create a specific regional geochemical background with the prospect of approaching the ecological threshold of danger during long-term viticulture. The specific features of modern agricultural technology of viticulture lead to high concentrations of elements such as copper, vanadium, chromium and nickel, which can exceed the MPC levels 20-25 years after the vineyard is planted, earlier than other elements. This makes it possible to identify this list of heavy metals as a priority in the agroecological monitoring system for vineyard lands and sets the task of adjusting current agricultural technologies for sustainable viticultural practices in the specific soil and climatic conditions. The authors see prospects for further studies not only in improving methods for assessment of components of a wine terroir, especially biogeochemical parameters of soils and vine plants in a particular geographical area, but also in the technology for obtaining coupled integral estimates both in relation to edaphotope (stagnant environment (soil, parent and underlying rock) transformed by anthropogenic activity) and main products of viticulture and wine materials.