Perceived Stress, Well-Being, and Academic Performance of University Students During the First COVID-19 Lockdown: A Study of Portuguese, Spanish and Brazilian Students

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly affected university students globally, exacerbating their already existing academic stress. This study investigated how the first COVID-19 lockdown (March-July 2020) differently impacted Portuguese, Spanish, and Brazilian university students’ perceived academic stress, personal well-being, academic engagement, and performance. Methods: An online survey collected responses from 1,081 university students (78.17% female; Mage = 25.43 years, SD = 9.27). Qualitative data on academic stressors were analyzed through content analysis. Cross-country differences were assessed through chi-square analyses and ANOVAs. Hypotheses were tested with mediation path analysis. Results: Emotional distress emerged as the most prevalent stressor (54%). Results evidenced differences in how students from the three countries experienced their academic life during the first COVID-19 lockdown. Personal and academic well-being mediated stress effects on performance. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for context-tailored interventions and proactive measures to support students' academic engagement in challenging contexts, informing educators and policymakers alike.