Exploring the Roles of EBV and HIV in the Development of Head and Neck Lymphomas

Epstein-Barr virus is a key oncogenic virus in both HIV-positive patients and those with other immune deficiencies. The progression from EBV infection to lymphoma remains poorly understood. Advances in molecular and immunohistochemical diagnostics have improved the detection of EBV-associated lymphomas, but challenges remain, particularly in older patients and immunocompromised populations, where the risk of lymphoma is elevated. Although therapeutic progress has been made, particularly with antiretroviral therapy for HIV, the management of relapsed and refractory lymphomas continues to be difficult. Targeted therapies addressing EBV-related pathways are a promising area of research, yet gaps in understanding the virus's role in lymphoma pathogenesis persist. Continued investigation into novel treatments and the development of effective screening protocols is essential for improving the diagnosis, management, and outcomes of EBV-associated lymphomas.