Neuroschistosomiasis: A Narrative Review of a Multifaceted Nature of a Neglected Tropical Disease

Neuroschistosomiasis, a severe neurological manifestation of schistosomiasis caused by parasitic trematodes of Schistosoma, represents a significant yet often overlooked public health challenge, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Characterized by the invasion of the central nervous system by Schistosoma larvae, neuroschistosomiasis can lead to a wide range of neurological complications, including motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, seizures, and even paralysis. Despite its devastating impact on affected individuals, neuroschistosomiasis remains underdiagnosed and underreported, primarily due to limited awareness among healthcare professionals and the complexity of its clinical presentation. Early recognition and timely intervention are paramount in mitigating the neurological sequelae of neuroschistosomiasis. Improved diagnostic tools and surveillance systems are needed to facilitate accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment initiation. Furthermore, there is a critical need for further research to better understand epidemiology, pathophysiology, and optimal management strategies for neuroschistosomiasis. Integrating neuroschistosomiasis into existing schistosomiasis control programs, strengthening healthcare infrastructure in endemic areas, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration among healthcare professionals, researchers, policymakers, and community stakeholders are essential to addressing this neglected tropical disease.