A New Frame Work of Thermodynamics, Artificial Energy Cycle and the Big Energy Cycle in the Universe

This article comes up with a new frame work of thermodynamics, which consists of three parts. (1) The traditional thermodynamics: relating to all the ordinary thermodynamical processes we meet in our life, work, and ordinary research, covering an extremely immense scope. Numerous and numerous human practices confirm that all these processes are irreversible, and entropy tends to increase, never decreases. The final fate of the universe, as claimed by Clausisus, is heat death. (2) The thermodynamics of thermal electrons in a magnetic field: We have performed a new experiment of the thermal electrons emitted from two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs emitters, A and B, within a vacuum tube. The tube is applied by a static magnetic field that bends the trajectories of the electrons, resulting in a weak asymmetry in the thermal motion of the electrons (to left or to right). Emitter A, losing some net electrons, was charged positively; emitter B, getting some net electrons, was charged negatively. An electric potential between A and B was formed, enabling the tube to output a weak and continuous but macroscope current and power to an exterior load, a resistor, or a storage battery. (It the direction of the magnetic field was opposite, the direction of the output current was reversed.) Due to the ceaseless output of electric energy, the internal energy of the tube should decrease slightly, and the tube followed to cool down slightly. The slightly cooled tube automatically absorbed waste heat from the ambient air to compensate its output electric energy. The experiment directly converted the waste heat in the air to electric energy, violating the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law. A short experiment video (of 100 seconds) is included in this manuscript, showing intuitionally how the magnetic field here acts as a Maxwell’s demon. (3) Cosmic thermodynamics: The authors approve of the idea that the universe is gravitationally closed, and there should be naturally an extremely immense ocean of thermal radiation in the central part of the closed universe. The 2.73K microwave background radiation discovered in 1965 should just be this immense heat ocean. Due to the big bang, all the galaxies are now flying outward fiercely. When they reach their individual far-most positions in the closed universe, they will turn back one after another towards the central region of the universe, and then keep shuttling with extremely great amplitudes in the closed universe, passing through the central region repeatedly. There are numerous stars and many black holes in every galaxy. Every black hole, once formed, ceaselessly takes in the 2.73K thermal radiation from the heat ocean. A black hole annexes any celestial body that it encounters. The directions of the shuttling of the galaxies are different in the 4p solid angle, so in a long, long duration, the more than 2×1012 galaxies should have numerous chances to meet each other in the central region. When a black hole, especially the immense core black holes of a galaxy, encounters a star or another black hole in the central region in the shuttling, annexation happens. All the matter scattered to the extremely vast space by the big bang will thus be collected step by step, until finally assemble to be a single extraordinary immense black hole, the central black hole. On the other hand, the big bang and all its subsequent processes are all huge irreversible processes. They produce and eject immense amount of light and thermal radiation into the vast cosmic space. The light and thermal radiation are also impossible to fly off the closed universe. They also keep shuttling ceaselessly in the closed universe with much, much greater amplitudes. After a long, long relaxation time, by interchange heat with the cosmic atoms, molecules, dusts and rocks (these matters are all at 2.73K) in the metagalaxy region, they will finally mingle into the 2.73 heat ocean. The central black hole, containing all the real matter of the universe, having an extraordinary immense event horizon, will continue to take in the thermal radiation from the 2.73K heat ocean with an extraordinarily power, leading eventually to a new big band. A big band followed by a big assemble forms a big cycle. All the matter and energy in the universe are involved in the big cycle. Conclusion—the new theoretical system of thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics is energy conservation. The amount of energy is conserved wherever and whenever. The second law of thermodynamics is energy cycle. All the matter and energy are involved in a big cycle in the closed universe.