Closed-Loop Connectivity Best Supports Angular Tuning and Sleep Dynamics in a Biophysical Thalamocortical Circuit Model

Despite recent advancements in mapping thalamic and cortical projections, the specific organization of intrathalamic and corticothalamic connectivity remains elusive. Current experimental approaches cannot definitively determine whether these connections are arranged in reciprocal (closed-) or non-reciprocal (open-loop) circuits. We developed a biophysically detailed multi-compartmental model of the mouse whisker pathway, built on anatomical and physiological data. We showed that closed-loop intrathalamic projections between the thalamocortical (TC) relay neurons in the ventral posteromedial nucleus and the inhibitory neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) best reproduce thalamic spiking and local field potential responses across awake and sleep states. Increasing the percentage of closed-loop projections regulates the angular tuning in the awake state, while also supporting spindle oscillations during sleep. We also showed that direct activation of closed-loop corticothalamic feedback (CT→TC and CT→TRN) simulating TC inputs sharpens the angular tuning in the thalamus. These results contribute to resolving a long-standing question regarding the organization of intrathalamic projections, offering mechanistic insights into how thalamo-cortical circuits balance precise sensory tuning with robust oscillatory rhythms across behavioral states.