Modular dynamics of conscious and unconscious states in marmoset cortex

General anesthetics are routinely used to induce unconsciousness. While much is known about their effects on receptor function and the activity of individual neurons, much less is known about how these local effects are manifest at the level of largescale, distributed brain networks. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) we investigated the effects of the anaesthetic isoflurane on functional brain networks and their temporal dynamics, comparing network measures during wakeful rest and induced unconsciousness. The anaesthetic condition was characterised by weak functional networks that were more similar to anatomical structure and more fragmented than during wakeful rest. Conversely, the awake condition was characterised by coordinated network reconfiguration and more distinct subnetwork composition. Our findings are consistent with the view that consciousness is an emergent property of the dynamics of functional brain networks, and that anaesthetics impoverish these dynamics by reducing the efficacy of synaptic transmission.