Anatomical description of the jaw muscles and theoretical bite force assessment in South-American opossums using manual and virtual dissection methods

Marsupials (Marsupialia, Mammalia) represent a clade with highly varied ecologies. This is particularly true for opossums (South American marsupials), which are difficult to observe and collect. Consequently, few studies have focused on their bite force and the muscles of their masticatory apparatus, and there exists only scant information about the diet of certain species. Here we describe the masticatory muscles of several previously unstudied opossum species including Caenolestes fuliginosus , Dromiciops gliroides, and Monodelphis touan. We calculate the bite force of these species using data from both manual and virtual dissections and compare their theoretical bite forces with literature data. Additionally, we explore the differences between manual and virtual dissection to determine muscle PCSA (Physiological Cross-Sectional Area). We tried two virtual methods (VPDE: “virtual physiological data estimating method” and SM: “slicing muscle method”) to calculate the PCSA, determine the differences induced by the inter-fiber void in the virtual volume, and calculate a correction post-treatment with the contrast agent. The results highlighted variation in the position of the muscular attachments of the M. zygomaticomandibularis , whose insertion area is the largest in Monodelphis touan and the smallest in Caenolestes fuliginosus . The bite forces are coherent with estimates from the literature suggesting that the biomechanical model is reliable. The comparison between manual and virtual dissection showed that while virtual dissection allows an overall description of the masticatory muscles, it is more complex to accurately describe the different subdivisions of the muscle bundles. Virtual dissection data could potentially complete manual dissection data with the association of the VPDE method, the exclusion of inter-fiber voids, and a correction for the treatment with contrast-agents.