Microbiome of psyllids of the family Aphalaridae, including Aphalara itadori , a potential biocontrol agent against Reynoutria spp

Several European and North American countries have started releasing the Japanese knotweed psyllid Aphalara itadori (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) to control the Japanese knotweed Reynoutria japonica (Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae) and its relatives, which are among the worst invasive exotic plants. However, establishing populations of the current Kyushu and Hokkaido strains in the field has not been successful, desiring new lineages. Moreover, little is known about the microbiome of the current strains, which potentially impacts properties as biocontrol agents. Hence, this study analyzed the microbiota of an A. itadori strain newly collected on Honshu Island, along with related species of the family Aphalaridae, using amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The A. itadori symbionts were further located using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The results demonstrated that the analyzed A. itadori strain has a dual symbiotic system with “ Candidatus Carsonella ruddii” (Gammaproteobacteria: Oceanospirillales) and Sodalis sp. (Gammaproteobacteria: Enterobacterales) harbored in the bacteriome, suggesting their evolutionarily stable mutualistic relationships with A. itadori . The central area of the bacteriome harboring Sodalis appeared to comprise uninucleate bacteriocytes with nuclei larger than those of bacteriocytes for Carsonella , rather than a syncytium with smaller nuclei as previously reported for various psyllid lineages. No known plant pathogens or manipulators of insect reproduction were identified in the analyzed strain, indicating its suitability as a biocontrol agent, posing a minimum risk to the ecosystem. Besides distinct Carsonella lineages, the analysis identified Sodalis independently acquired by Craspedolepta miyatakeai , and an ambiguous Enterobacterales symbiont in Epheloscyta kalopanacis . Only Carsonella was identified in Togepsylla matsumurana .