An optimized somatic embryo transformation system assisted homozygous edited rubber tree generation method mediated by CRISPR/Cas9

Previously, we have realized the CRISPR/Cas9-RNP and plasmid mediated protoplast transient transformation genome editing in the rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ), but no gene editing plants were acquired due to the bottleneck of genetic transformation. In present study, antibiotic sensitivity tests against kanamycin, hygromycin and basta were analyzed for embryo screening, the results demonstrated that 10 mg/L hygromycin is the best for transformation. Then Agrobacterium mediated transformation of H. brasiliensis embryos was carried out using a pCAMBIA1300-based CRISPR/Cas9 vector targeting Phytoene desaturase gene ( HbPDS ). High-throughput sequencing of T0 generation positive embryos which were used as regeneration materials in typical transformation procedure showed that more than 90% T0 edited embryos are chimeric with a 3.2% editing efficiency. A T0 embryo with 9.8% edited cells was sliced into small pieces for one more cycle embryogenesis to produce T1 generation embryos in order to improve the ratio of homozygous embryos. Subsequently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) demonstrated that 29 out of 33 T1 embryos were edited, nearly 50% of which were found homozygous. At last, besides four chimeric plantlets with partial albino leaves, four plantlets with complete albino phenotype were regenerated from the 29 T1 generation edited embryos, among which one is a homozygous mono-allelic mutant and the other three are homozygous bi-allelic mutants. NGS demonstrated that the threshold for the proportion of edited cells with expected albino phenotype is between 70-85%. Additionally, Tail-PCR indicate that the T-DNA was inserted into different genome positions in the four homozygous edited plantlets, combined with the different genotypes are considered, the four homozygous plantlets can be confirmed as independently derived from single transformed cells. Overall, this is the first edited rubber trees with expected phenotype reported publicly, which shows the potential in genetic improvement of H. brasiliensis by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, and subculture of T0 positive transformed somatic embryos into T1 generation is proved to be an effective and necessary procedure to produce homozygous transgenic plantlets. This study presents a significant advancement in transgenic and gene editing for rubber tree.