Impact of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions on pneumococcal carriage prevalence and density in Vietnam

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Abstract

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented to contain SARS-CoV-2 have decreased invasive pneumococcal disease. We undertook an observational study to evaluate the impact of NPIs on pneumococcal carriage and density, drivers of transmission and disease, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. While NPIs did not significantly impact pneumococcal carriage, mean capsular pneumococcal density decreased by up to 91.5% (1.07 log 10 genome equivalents/mL, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.74-1.41) after NPI introduction compared with the pre-COVID-19 period. As higher pneumococcal density is a risk factor for disease, the observed decline provides a plausible mechanism for the reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2022.05.05.22274646: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Ethicsnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Statistical analyses were conducted using Stata v16.0
    Stata
    suggested: (Stata, RRID:SCR_012763)
    (StataCorp LLC).
    StataCorp
    suggested: (Stata, RRID:SCR_012763)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:
    One limitation is that other temporal changes may have occurred during the study that were not accounted for. The implementation of NPIs has been associated with suppression of circulating respiratory viruses.[4] Such viruses are known to increase pneumococcal carriage density,[6,7] which is a risk factor for disease.[7,10] The decline we observed in pneumococcal density associated with NPI implementation therefore provides a plausible mechanism for the reductions in IPD that have been observed elsewhere in the absence of a substantive reduction in carriage prevalence. Further research examining the links between pneumococcal carriage, density, and respiratory viruses is needed to fully elucidate the impact NPIs have on IPD.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: We found the following clinical trial numbers in your paper:

    IdentifierStatusTitle
    NCT03098628Active, not recruitingTrial of Simplified Pneumococcal Vaccination in Vietnam II


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.


    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.