An adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 RBD nanoparticle elicits neutralizing antibodies and fully protective immunity in aged mice

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Abstract

Development of affordable and effective vaccines that can also protect vulnerable populations such as the elderly from COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality is a public health priority. Here we took a systematic and iterative approach by testing several SARS-CoV-2 protein antigens and adjuvants to identify a combination that elicits neutralizing antibodies and protection in young and aged mice. In particular, SARS-CoV-2 receptorbinding domain (RBD) displayed as a protein nanoparticle (RBD-NP) was a highly effective antigen, and when formulated with an oil-in-water emulsion containing Carbohydrate fatty acid MonoSulphate derivative (CMS) induced the highest levels of cross-neutralizing antibodies compared to other oil-in-water emulsions or AS01B. Mechanistically, CMS induced antigen retention in the draining lymph node (dLN) and expression of cytokines, chemokines and type I interferon-stimulated genes at both injection site and dLN. Overall, CMS:RBD-NP is effective across multiple age groups and is an exemplar of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine tailored to the elderly.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2021.09.09.459664: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    EthicsIACUC: Mice were housed under specific pathogen-free conditions at Boston Children’s Hospital, and all procedures were approved under the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and operated under the supervision of the Department of Animal Resources at Children’s Hospital (ARCH) (Protocol number 19-02-3897R).
    Sex as a biological variableAnimals: Female, 3 month old BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME), and CD-1 mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA).
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    The sample/virus mixture was then incubated at 37°C (5.0% CO2) for 1 hour before transferring 100 μl to 96-well titer plates with 5e3 VeroE6 cells.
    VeroE6
    suggested: JCRB Cat# JCRB1819, RRID:CVCL_YQ49)
    luciferase reporter plasmid pLenti-CMV Puro-Luc (Addgene), and spike protein expressing pcDNA3.1-SARS CoV-2 SΔCT of variants were co-transfected into HEK293T cells by lipofectamine 2000 (ThermoFisher).
    HEK293T
    suggested: None
    To determine the neutralization activity of the plasma or serum samples from participants, HEK293T-hACE2 cells were seeded in 96-well tissue culture plates at a density of 1.75 × 104 cells/well overnight.
    HEK293T-hACE2
    suggested: RRID:CVCL_A7UK)
    Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains
    SentencesResources
    Animals: Female, 3 month old BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME), and CD-1 mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA).
    BALB/c
    suggested: None
    C57BL/6J
    suggested: RRID:IMSR_JAX:000664)
    CD-1
    suggested: RRID:MGI:2686808)
    Recombinant DNA
    SentencesResources
    Briefly, the packaging plasmid psPAX2 (AIDS Resource and Reagent Program)
    psPAX2
    suggested: RRID:Addgene_12260)
    luciferase reporter plasmid pLenti-CMV Puro-Luc (Addgene), and spike protein expressing pcDNA3.1-SARS CoV-2 SΔCT of variants were co-transfected into HEK293T cells by lipofectamine 2000 (ThermoFisher).
    pLenti-CMV Puro-Luc
    suggested: None
    pcDNA3.1-SARS
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Each sample was measured in triplicate, and the intensity of the size distribution was plotted in GraphPad Prism 9 (GraphPad Software)
    GraphPad
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)
    Briefly, the packaging plasmid psPAX2 (AIDS Resource and Reagent Program)
    AIDS Resource and Reagent Program
    suggested: None
    SARS-CoV-2 lung titers were quantified by homogenizing harvested lungs in PBS (Quality Biological Inc.) using 1.0 mm glass beads (Sigma Aldrich) and a Beadruptor (Omni International Inc.).
    Quality Biological
    suggested: None
    Statistical analysis: Statistical analyses were performed using Prism v9.0.2 (GraphPad Software).
    Prism
    suggested: (PRISM, RRID:SCR_005375)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: We found the following clinical trial numbers in your paper:

    IdentifierStatusTitle
    NCT04750343Active, not recruitingSafety and Immunogenicity Study of SARS-CoV-2 Nanoparticle V…
    NCT04742738Active, not recruitingSafety and Immunogenicity Study of SARS-CoV-2 Nanoparticle V…


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.


    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.