SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility of cell lines and substrates commonly used in diagnosis and isolation of influenza and other viruses

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Abstract

Coinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other viruses is inevitable as the COVID-19 pandemic continues. This study aimed to evaluate cell lines commonly used in virus diagnosis and isolation for their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. While multiple kidney cell lines from monkeys were susceptible and permissive to SARS-CoV-2, many cell types derived from human, dog, mink, cat, mouse, or chicken were not. Analysis of MDCK cells, which are most commonly used for surveillance and study of influenza viruses, demonstrated that they were insusceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and that the cellular barrier to productive infection was due to low expression level of the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and lower receptor affinity to SARS-CoV-2 spike, which could be overcome by over-expression of canine ACE2 in trans. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 cell tropism did not appear to be affected by a D614G mutation in the spike protein.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2021.01.04.425336: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Institutional Review Board Statementnot detected.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    Cell lysates and recombinant ACE2 protein control (Sino Biological) were immunoblotted for ACE2 and β-actin using primary antibodies (1:500 polyclonal goat anti-human ACE2, R&D Systems,
    ACE2
    suggested: (LSBio (LifeSpan Cat# LS-C347-500, RRID:AB_1271966)
    anti-human ACE2
    suggested: None
    1:1000 monoclonal mouse anti-β-Actin, Abcam, AB8226) followed by secondary antibodies (1:4000 donkey anti-goat, Abcam; 1:4000 goat anti-mouse, Biorad).
    anti-β-Actin
    suggested: None
    anti-goat
    suggested: None
    anti-mouse
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    SARS-CoV-2/Massachusetts/VPT1/2020 (MA/VPT1) was isolated in Vero E6 cells from a nasopharyngeal specimen collected in April 2020.
    Vero E6
    suggested: None
    MDCK-hCK cells were kindly provided by Y. Kawaoka (University of Wisconsin-Madison).
    MDCK-hCK
    suggested: None
    MDCK-NBL2, Vero E6, CV-1, A549, CRFK, Mv1Lu, RD, Hep-2c, HeLa, and L20B cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) or maintained at CDC’s Division of Scientific Resources
    MDCK-NBL2
    suggested: CLS Cat# 602280/p823_MDCK_(NBL-2, RRID:CVCL_0422)
    A549
    suggested: None
    Hep-2c
    suggested: ECACC Cat# 85020207, RRID:CVCL_2940)
    HeLa
    suggested: None
    L20B
    suggested: None
    All 25 cell lines listed in Table 1 were obtained from Quidel Corporation (San Diego, CA) in pre-seeded 24-well plates except for CRFK and RhMK cells, which were obtained in T-75 flasks and seeded into 24-well plates in the lab one day prior to infection.
    RhMK
    suggested: ATCC Cat# CRL-6317, RRID:CVCL_U238)
    Exogenous expression of ACE2 in MDCK cells: Constructs co-expressing full-length hACE2 or cACE2 with mCherry2 protein (CMV promoter-ACE2-IRES-mCherry2) were generated and transfected into MDCK-SIAT1 cells via electroporation with Lonza Nucleofector system (Lonza) using the manufacturer’s protocol with program A024.
    MDCK
    suggested: None
    1.5×106 MDCK-SIAT1 cells were transfected with 10 μg DNA (pCMV-hACE2-IRES-mCherry2, pCMV-cACE2-IRES-mCherry2, or pCMV-IRES-mCherry2 empty control).
    MDCK-SIAT1
    suggested: ECACC Cat# 05071502, RRID:CVCL_Z936)
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Virus infection of embryonated chicken eggs: Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (North Franklin, CT, USA).
    Charles River Laboratories
    suggested: (Charles River Laboratories, RRID:SCR_003792)
    ACE2 Sequence alignment: ACE2 protein sequences for human (NP_001358344.1), African green monkey (AAY57872.1), rhesus macaque (ACI04564.1), mouse (NP_001123985.1), dog (XP_005641049.1), cat (NP_001034545.1), American mink (QPL12211), and chicken (XP_416822.2) were aligned using MUSCLE alignment in Geneious Prime software (version 2019.2.3).
    MUSCLE
    suggested: (MUSCLE, RRID:SCR_011812)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No funding statement was detected.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.