Origin of imported SARS-CoV-2 strains in The Gambia identified from whole genome sequences

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Abstract

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus with high human transmissibility. This study generated Whole Genome data to determine the origin and pattern of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from the first six cases tested in The Gambia. Total RNA from SARS-CoV-2 was extracted from inactivated nasopharyngeal-oropharyngeal swabs of six cases and converted to cDNA following the ARTIC COVID-19 sequencing protocol. Libraries were constructed with the NEBNext ultra II DNA library prep kit for Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Ligation sequencing kit and sequenced on Illumina MiSeq and Nanopore GridION, respectively. Sequencing reads were mapped to the Wuhan reference genome and compared to eleven other SARS-CoV-2 strains of Asian, European and American origins. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with the consensus genomes for local and non-African strains. Three of the Gambian strains had a European origin (UK and Spain), two strains were of Asian origin (Japan). In The Gambia, Nanopore and Illumina sequencers were successfully used to identify the sources of SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 cases.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2020.10.26.354969: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Institutional Review Board Statementnot detected.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variableOf the 6 cases sequenced, 4 were male; 2 females, there was one death, two recoveries and two active cases.

    Table 2: Resources

    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Of the 451 samples screened by rRT-PCR, ten were confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 cases and 5 as indeterminate cases (positive for the screening gene and negative for the SARS-CoV-2 confirmatory gene) For WGS, four SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases, one indeterminate case and one negative case were processed Table 1.
    WGS
    suggested: None
    The pool was run at a final concentration of 10 pM on an Illumina MiSeq instrument using MiSeq V3 reagent kit.
    MiSeq
    suggested: (A5-miseq, RRID:SCR_012148)
    Fig 1 summarised the steps involved in sequencing using for both Nanopore and Illumina platform.
    Nanopore
    suggested: None
    SARS-CoV-2 novel Coronavirus bioinformatics protocol; SAMTOOLS).
    SAMTOOLS
    suggested: (SAMTOOLS, RRID:SCR_002105)
    Similarly, 250 bp paired end Illumina reads were quality checked using FASTQC (
    FASTQC
    suggested: (FastQC, RRID:SCR_014583)
    18 Reads with only a minimum Phred score of 30 were included in our downstream analysis.
    Phred
    suggested: (Phred, RRID:SCR_001017)
    Filtered reads were then mapped to the Wuhan-Hu-1 reference genomes (accession number MN908947.3) using BWA-mem (0.7.17-r1188).
    BWA-mem
    suggested: (Sniffles, RRID:SCR_017619)
    Phylogenetic analysis for Illumina and Nanopore platform: Prank (v140603) was used to generate a multiple alignment of all the samples including some available reference genomes around the globe (Downloaded from RefSeq).
    Prank
    suggested: (prank, RRID:SCR_017228)
    RefSeq
    suggested: (RefSeq, RRID:SCR_003496)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No funding statement was detected.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.