Rescue of SARS-CoV-2 from a single bacterial artificial chromosome

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Abstract

An infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in the city of Wuhan (China) in December 2019, causing a pandemic that has dramatically impacted public health and socioeconomic activities worldwide. A previously unknown coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been identified as the causative agent of COVID-19. To date, there are no United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved vaccines or therapeutics available for the prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or associated COVID-19 disease, which has triggered a large influx of scientific efforts to develop countermeasures to control SARS-CoV-2 spread. To contribute to these efforts, we have developed an infectious cDNA clone of the SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 strain based on the use of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC).

Recombinant (r)SARS-CoV-2 was readily rescued by transfection of the BAC into Vero E6 cells. Importantly, the BAC-derived rSARS-CoV-2 exhibited growth properties and plaque sizes in cultured cells comparable to those of the SARS-CoV-2 natural isolate. Likewise, rSARS-CoV-2 showed similar levels of replication to that of the natural isolate in nasal turbinates and lungs of infected golden Syrian hamsters. This is, to our knowledge, the first BAC based reverse genetics system for the generation of infectious rSARS-CoV-2 that displays similar features in vivo to that of a natural viral isolate. This SARS-CoV-2 BAC-based reverse genetics will facilitate studies addressing several important questions in the biology of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the identification of antivirals and development of vaccines for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated COVID-19 disease.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.22.216358: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Institutional Review Board StatementIACUC: Biosafety (IBC) and Animal Care and Use (IACUC) committees.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variablePathogenicity studies in golden Syrian hamsters: Twelve-week-old female golden Syrian hamsters were purchased from Charles River and maintained in the animal facility at Texas Biomed under specific pathogen-free conditions.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    Cells were incubated overnight with 1 μg/ml of a SARS-CoV cross-reactive N monoclonal antibody 1C7 at 4°C, washed with PBS, and stained with a FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG (1:200).
    anti-mouse IgG
    suggested: None
    Then, cells were blocked with 2.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS for 1 h at 37 °C, followed by incubation with 1 µg/ml of the anti-N SARS-CoV monoclonal antibody 1C7 diluted in 1% BSA for 1 h at 37 °C.
    anti-N SARS-CoV
    suggested: (MyBioSource Cat# MBS432038, RRID:AB_2184133)
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    Briefly, confluent monolayers of Vero E6 cells (106 cells/well, 6-well plates, triplicates) were transfected, using LPF2000, with 4.0 μg/well of SARS-CoV-2 BAC, or empty BAC as internal control.
    Vero E6
    suggested: RRID:CVCL_XD71)
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Raw reads were quality filtered using Trimmomatic v0.39 (32) and mapped to a SARS-CoV-2 reference genome (Genbank Accession No. MN985325) with Bowtie2 v2.4.1 (33)
    Trimmomatic
    suggested: (Trimmomatic, RRID:SCR_011848)
    Bowtie2
    suggested: (Bowtie 2, RRID:SCR_016368)
    We genotyped each sample for low frequency variants with LoFreq* v2.1.3.1 (35) and filtered sites with less than 100x read depth or minor allele frequencies less than 1%.
    LoFreq*
    suggested: None
    Finally, we used SnpEff v4.3t (36) to identify the impact of potential variants on the protein coding regions in the SARS-CoV-2 reference genome.
    SnpEff
    suggested: (SnpEff, RRID:SCR_005191)
    After incubation with the primary antibody, cells were washed three times with PBS, counterstained with the Vectastain ABC kit, and developed using the DAB Peroxidase Substrate kit (Vector Laboratory, Inc, CA, USA) according to the manufacturers’ instructions.
    Vector Laboratory
    suggested: None
    Evaluation of lung pathological lesions: Macroscopic pathology scoring was evaluated using ImageJ software to determine the percent of the total surface area of the lung (dorsal and ventral view) affected by consolidation, congestion, and atelectasis, as previously described (38).
    ImageJ
    suggested: (ImageJ, RRID:SCR_003070)

    Results from OddPub: Thank you for sharing your data.


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

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