Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin
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Abstract
Since the SARS outbreak 18 years ago, a large number of severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats. Previous studies indicated that some of those bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans. Here we report the identification and characterization of a novel coronavirus (nCoV-2019) which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans, in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, started from December 12th, 2019, has caused 198 laboratory confirmed infections with three fatal cases by January 20th, 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at the early stage of the outbreak. They are almost identical to each other and share 79.5% sequence identify to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, it was found that nCoV-2019 is 96% identical at the whole genome level to a bat coronavirus. The pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. The nCoV-2019 virus was then isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient, which can be neutralized by sera from several patients. Importantly, we have confirmed that this novel CoV uses the same cell entry receptor, ACE2, as SARS-CoV.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.01.22.914952: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
NIH rigor criteria are not applicable to paper type.Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources And the virus were detected using SL-CoV Rp3 NP antibody followed by Cy3-conjugated mouse anti-rabbit IgG. Rp3 NPsuggested: NoneAn anti-Human IgG-HRP conjugated monoclonal antibody (Kyab Biotech Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China) was used at a dilution of 1:40000. anti-Human IgG-HRPsuggested: NoneACE2 expression was detected using mouse anti-S tag monoclonal antibody followed by FITC-labelled goat anti-mouse IgG H&L (Abcam, ab96879). anti-Ssuggested: (Abcam Cat# ab96879, RRID:AB_10687475)anti-mouse IgGsuggested: (Abcam Cat# ab96879, RRID:AB_10687475)Viral replication was detected using rabbit antibody against the … SciScore for 10.1101/2020.01.22.914952: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
NIH rigor criteria are not applicable to paper type.Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources And the virus were detected using SL-CoV Rp3 NP antibody followed by Cy3-conjugated mouse anti-rabbit IgG. Rp3 NPsuggested: NoneAn anti-Human IgG-HRP conjugated monoclonal antibody (Kyab Biotech Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China) was used at a dilution of 1:40000. anti-Human IgG-HRPsuggested: NoneACE2 expression was detected using mouse anti-S tag monoclonal antibody followed by FITC-labelled goat anti-mouse IgG H&L (Abcam, ab96879). anti-Ssuggested: (Abcam Cat# ab96879, RRID:AB_10687475)anti-mouse IgGsuggested: (Abcam Cat# ab96879, RRID:AB_10687475)Viral replication was detected using rabbit antibody against the Rp3 NP protein (made in house, 1:100) followed by cyanin 3-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:50, Abcam, ab6939). Rp3 NP proteinsuggested: Noneanti-rabbit IgGsuggested: (Abcam Cat# ab6939, RRID:AB_955021)Experimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources The following cells were used for virus isolation in this study: Vero, Vero E6, and Huh7 that were cultured in DMEM +10% FBS. Huh7suggested: CLS Cat# 300156/p7178_HuH7, RRID:CVCL_0336)HeLa cells transiently expressing ACE2 were prepared by a lipofectamine 3000 system (Thermo Fisher Scientific) in 96-well plate, with mock-transfected cells as controls. HeLasuggested: NonenCoV-2019 grown from Vero E6 cells was used for infection at multiplicity of infection 0.05. Vero E6suggested: RRID:CVCL_XD71)Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains Sentences Resources The following cells were used for virus isolation in this study: Vero, Vero E6, and Huh7 that were cultured in DMEM +10% FBS. Verosuggested: CLS Cat# 605372/p622_VERO, RRID:CVCL_0059)Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources The raw NGS reads were firstly processed by Cutadapt (v1.18) with minimum read length of 30bp. Cutadaptsuggested: (cutadapt, RRID:SCR_011841)BWA (v0.7.12-r1039) was utilized to align reads to local database with a filter hits parameter at 0.8 FMM value and minimum alignment score at 30. BWAsuggested: (BWA, RRID:SCR_010910)NGS reads were assembled into genomes using Geneious (v11.0.3) and MEGAHIT (v1.2.9). Geneioussuggested: (Geneious, RRID:SCR_010519)Sequence alignment and editing were conducted using ClustalW and GeneDoc. ClustalWsuggested: (ClustalW, RRID:SCR_017277)Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic trees based on nucleotide sequences of full-length ORF1b and S genes were constructed using the Jukes-Cantor model with bootstrap values determined by 1000 replicates in the MEGA6 software package. MEGA6suggested: (MEGA Software, RRID:SCR_000667)Results from OddPub: Thank you for sharing your data.
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
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