Retrospective analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii bacteraemia risk factors, complications, and mortality in a tertiary university hospital in Saudi Arabia

Introduction. There are many multidrug-resistant isolates of the nosocomial pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii causing severe healthcare-acquired infections in terminally ill patients with high mortality and morbidity rates.   Aim. This study aimed to retrospectively analyse Acinetobacter baumannii bacteraemia (ABB) cases in Saudi Arabia where the information is sparse regarding the prevalence, risk factors, clinical disease, antibiotic regimen, antibiotic susceptibility, treatment outcomes, and mortality associated with this infection.   Methods.  A retrospective chart review was conducted between January 1st, 2015, and December 31st, 2022, to identify all patients 14 years and above with ABB. Demographic and clinical data, as well as results from laboratory analyses, were collected from patients’ electronic charts. Statistical analyses were performed on the data to identify factors associated with 90-day mortality.   Results. Of the 122 ABB cases, 71 (63.4%) died. The factors that were found to be associated with 90-day mortality were the Charlson comorbidity score, Pitt bacteremia score, quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score (p < 0.001 for each), hospital ward (p < 0.02), short duration of antibiotic treatment (p < 0.01), and higher age (p < 0.05). The most common source of infection was Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection in 52.7%. Also associated with mortality were inappropriate antimicrobial therapy (p < 0.02) and empirical use of colistin (p < 0.05). In many patients, ABB was caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) (69.6%), and 74.4% of those patients died.   Conclusion. To prevent ABB-associated mortality, an appropriate regimen and duration of treatment are necessary. Hospitals should also practice proper hygiene to prevent the spread of ABB. CRAB is a growing threat in hospitals in Saudi Arabia especially in the critical care setting and carries a very high risk of mortality.